Cellular hypoxia occurs when the demand for sufficient molecular oxygen needed to
produce the levels of ATP required to perform physiological functions exceeds the vascular …

BACKGROUND The placenta is the functional interface between the mother and the fetus
during pregnancy, and a critical determinant of fetal growth and life-long health. In the first …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional
cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. PDT comprises the …

This article outlines the need for a homeostatic response to alterations in cellular
oxygenation. It describes work on erythropoietin control that led to the discovery of the …

Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is the terminal enzyme of the electron transport chain, made
up of 13 subunits encoded by both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Subunit 4 (COX4), a key …

The NFκB protein family regulates numerous pathways within the cell—including
inflammation, hypoxia, angiogenesis and oxidative stress—all of which are implicated in …

The recent bestowal of the Nobel Prize 2019 in Physiology or Medicine to Gregg L.
Semenza, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, and William G. Kaelin Jr. celebrates a series of remarkable …

Chronic hypoxia causes pulmonary hypertension with vascular remodeling, increase in
vascular tone, and altered reactivity to agonists. These changes involve alterations in …

There is increasing evidence of a causal relationship between sleep-disordered breathing
and metabolic dysfunction. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of risk factors that promote …

Hypoxia is a common phenomenon of solid tumors and contributes to aggressive phenotype
and treatment failure. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a versatile transcription factor that …