Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid whose effects are triggered through the
enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Due to the rapid …

Caffeine is consumed by over 80% of US adults. This review examines the effects caffeine
has on cognitive and physical function, since most real-world activities require complex …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or
its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as …

Most evidence indicates that, as for family CG protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), family A
GPCRs form homo-and heteromers. Homodimers seem to be a predominant species, with …

Astrocytes are key homeostatic regulators in the central nervous system and play important
roles in physiology. After brain damage caused by eg, status epilepticus, traumatic brain …

Adenosine receptors (ARs) comprise a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) which
mediate the physiological actions of adenosine. To date, four AR subtypes have been …

In the 10 years since our previous International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
report on the nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors, no developments …

Caffeine causes most of its biological effects via antagonizing all types of adenosine
receptors (ARs): A1, A2A, A3, and A2B and, as does adenosine, exerts effects on neurons …

Background The psychostimulant properties of caffeine are reviewed and compared with
those of prototypical psychostimulants able to cause substance use disorders (SUD) …