Abstract The Hindu Kush–Karakoram–Himalayan system, named the Third Pole because it
is the largest global store of frozen water after the polar regions, provides a reliable water …

Heat waves (HWs) can cause large socioeconomic and environmental impacts. The
observed increases in their frequency, intensity and duration are projected to continue with …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Heatwaves constitute a major threat to human health and ecosystems. Projected increases
in heatwave frequency and severity thus lead to the need for prediction to enhance …

Quantifying rates of climate change in mountain regions is of considerable interest, not least
because mountains are viewed as climate “hotspots” where change can anticipate or …

Compound hot–dry events—co-occurring hot and dry extremes—frequently cause damages
to human and natural systems, often exceeding separate impacts from heatwaves and …

Urban areas are experiencing strongly increasing hot temperature extremes. However,
these urban heat events have seldom been the focus of traditional detection and attribution …

For its green transition, the EU plans to fund the development of digital twins of Earth. For
these twins to be more than big data atlases, they must create a qualitatively new Earth …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

In July 2021 extreme rainfall across Western Europe caused severe flooding and substantial
impacts, including over 200 fatalities and extensive infrastructure damage within Germany …