Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted considerable attention in various fields, such as
cosmetics, the food industry, material design, and nanomedicine. In particular, the fast …

Phagocytosis is a cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm
in diameter, including microorganisms, foreign substances, and apoptotic cells …

One hundred years have passed since the death of Élie Metchnikoff (1845–1916). He was
the first to observe the uptake of particles by cells and realized the importance of this …

Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) phagocytic activity is emerging as a new mechanism
to harness for cancer treatment. Currently, many approaches are investigated at the …

Phagocytosis is a remarkably complex and versatile process: it contributes to innate
immunity through the ingestion and elimination of pathogens, while also being central to …

Engulfment and destruction of invading microorganisms by phagocytosis are critical
components of the innate immune response. In addition, phagocytosis is also required for …

Phagocytosis—the process by which macrophages, dendritic cells and other myeloid
phagocytes internalize diverse particulate targets—is a key mechanism of innate immunity …

Endocytosis includes a number of processes by which cells internalize segments of their
plasma membrane, enclosing a wide variety of material from outside the cell. Endocytosis …

Summary Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) is largely responsible for discriminating self from
pathogenic DNA. However, association of host DNA with autoantibodies activates TLR9 …

With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanoparticles have been widely used in
many applications such as phototherapy, cell imaging, and drug/gene delivery. A better …