2018 marks the 100-year anniversary of the 1918 influenza pandemic, which killed~ 50
million people worldwide. The severity of this pandemic resulted from a complex interplay …

Simple and complex carbohydrates (glycans) have long been known to play major
metabolic, structural and physical roles in biological systems. Targeted microbial binding to …

In 2024, several human infections with highly pathogenic clade 2.3. 4.4 b bovine influenza
H5N1 viruses in the United States raised concerns about their capability for bovine-to …

Highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A viruses occasionally infect humans, but currently
do not transmit efficiently among humans. The viral haemagglutinin (HA) protein is a known …

The 2018–2019 period marks the centennial of the “Spanish” influenza pandemic, which
caused at least 50 million deaths worldwide. The unprecedented nature of the pandemic's …

Viral infections are initiated by attachment of the virus to host cell surface receptors,
including sialic acid-containing glycans. It is now possible to rapidly identify specific glycan …

The recent emergence of a novel avian A/H 7 N 9 influenza virus in poultry and humans in C
hina, as well as laboratory studies on adaptation and transmission of avian A/H 5 N 1 …

The" Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918–1919, which caused» 50 million deaths
worldwide, remains an ominous warning to public health. Many questions about its origins …

The type II transmembrane serine proteases TMPRSS2 and HAT activate influenza viruses
and the SARS-coronavirus (TMPRSS2) in cell culture and may play an important role in viral …

The surfaces of all vertebrate cells are decorated with a dense and complex array of sugar
chains, which are mostly attached to proteins and lipids. Most soluble secreted proteins are …