Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small subset of cells in tumors that are characterized by self-
renewal and continuous proliferation, lead to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and maintain tumor …

The development of immunotherapies over the past decade has resulted in a paradigm shift
in the treatment of cancer. However, the majority of patients do not benefit from …

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or programmed death-1 (PD-
1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)–based immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have led …

Both hereditary and sporadic breast cancer are suggested to develop from a stem cell
subcomponent retaining most key stem cell properties but with dysregulation of self-renewal …

Angiogenesis is a normal biological process wherein new blood vessels form from the
growth of pre-existing blood vessels. Preventing angiogenesis in solid tumours by targeting …

The current view is that breast cancer is a stem cell disease characterized by the existence
of cancer cells with stem-like features and tumor-initiating potential. These cells are made …

COX-2, a key enzyme that catalyzed the rate-limiting steps in the conversion of arachidonic
acid to prostaglandins, played a pivotal role in the inflammatory process. Different from other …

Drug resistance is a major challenge in breast cancer (BC) treatment at present.
Accumulating studies indicate that breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are responsible for the …

In solid tumors, vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is the formation of vascular structures by cancer
cells, allowing to generate a channel-network able to transport blood and tumor cells. While …

Tumors consist of heterogeneous cell populations, and tumor heterogeneity plays key roles
in regulating tumorigenesis, metastasis, recurrence and resistance to anti-tumor therapies …