Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most lethal toxins among all bacterial, animal, plant
and chemical poisonous compounds. Although a great effort has been made to understand …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent of known toxins and are listed as
category A biothreat agents by the US CDC. The BoNT-mediated proteolysis of SNARE …

Toxins can function both as a harmful and therapeutic molecule, depending on their
concentrations. The diversity in their function allows us to ask some very pertinent questions …

Gram-positive bacteria are ancient organisms. Many bacteria, including Gram-positive
bacteria, produce toxins to manipulate the host, leading to various diseases. While the …

Microbial proteases are enzymes secreted by a variety of microorganisms, including
bacteria and fungi, and have attracted significant attention due to their versatile applications …

Pain afflicts more than 1.5 billion people worldwide, with hundreds of millions suffering from
unrelieved chronic pain. Despite widespread recognition of the importance of developing …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are known as the most potent bacterial toxins, which can
cause potentially deadly disease botulism. BoNT Serotype A (BoNT/A) is the most studied …

Existing antibodies (Abs) used to treat botulism cannot enter the cytosol of neurons and bind
to botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) at its site of action, and thus cannot reverse paralysis …

Life as we know it heavily relies on biological catalysis, in fact, in a very nonromantic version
of it, life could be considered as a series of chemical reactions, regulated by the guarding …

Rapid, high-throughput assays that detect and quantify botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) activity
in diverse matrices are required for environmental, clinical, pharmaceutical, and food testing …