Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

The development of neural circuits involves wiring of neurons locally following their
generation and migration, as well as establishing long-distance connections between brain …

Optogenetics may enable mutation-independent, circuit-specific restoration of neuronal
function in neurological diseases. Retinitis pigmentosa is a neurodegenerative eye disease …

Spontaneous animal behaviour is built from action modules that are concatenated by the
brain into sequences,. However, the neural mechanisms that guide the composition of …

Neurons in the cerebral cortex connect through descending pathways to hindbrain and
spinal cord to activate muscle and generate movement. Although components of this …

Dopamine (DA) plays multiple roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological
processes via a large network of dopaminergic projections. To dissect the spatiotemporal …

Dopamine (DA) plays a critical role in the brain, and the ability to directly measure
dopaminergic activity is essential for understanding its physiological functions. We therefore …

Biohybrid systems have been developed to better understand the design principles and
coordination mechanisms of biological systems. We consider whether two functional …

Many behavioural tasks require the manipulation of mathematical vectors, but, outside of
computational models,,,,,–, it is not known how brains perform vector operations. Here we …

Cortico-striatal projections are critical components of forebrain circuitry that regulate
motivated behaviors. To enable the study of the human cortico-striatal pathway and how its …