Major depressive disorder is a highly debilitating psychiatric disorder involving the
dysfunction of different cell types in the brain. Microglia are the predominant resident …

Some recent clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a key
factor that interacts with the three neurobiological correlates of major depressive disorder …

Major depression is a leading contributor to the global burden of disease. This situation is
mainly related to the chronicity and/or recurrence of the disorder, and to poor response to …

Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of (S)-and (R)-ketamine, has been in clinical use
since 1970. Although best characterized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, ketamine …

The kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a critical role in generating cellular energy in the form of
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Because energy requirements are substantially …

Clinical studies have demonstrated that a single sub-anesthetic dose of the dissociative
anesthetic ketamine induces rapid and sustained antidepressant actions. Although this …

Because of the compartmentalization of disciplines that shaped the academic landscape of
biology and biomedical sciences in the past, physiological systems have long been studied …

The study of the gut microbiome has increasingly revealed an important role in modulating
brain function and mental health. In this review, we underscore specific pathways and …

Crosstalk between inflammatory pathways and neurocircuits in the brain can lead to
behavioural responses, such as avoidance and alarm, that are likely to have provided early …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most disabling psychiatric disorders.
Approximately one‐third of the patients with MDD are treatment resistant to the current …