Nowadays there is solid clinical information for combining β 2-agonists and anti-muscarinic
agents, although the nature (additive or synergistic) of the net clinical result obtained by co …

This article discusses the current understanding of the role of free radicals and antioxidants
in inflammatory processes and in ischemia reperfusion injury. It begins by describing the …

Background Oxidative stress is recognized to be one of predisposing factor in the
pathogenesis of COPD. The oxidant/antioxidant imbalance is significantly pronounced in …

Long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists (LAMAs) and long-acting β 2-adrenoceptor
agonists (LABAs) cause airway smooth muscle (ASM) relaxation via different signal …

Asthma is associated with several comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, which
may lead to bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). Because glucagon-like peptide (GLP) 1 …

Background The dual PDE3/4 inhibitor RPL 554 causes bronchodilation in patients with
asthma or COPD and synergistically interacts with muscarinic receptor antagonists in …

Background Corticosteroids increase the expression of β 2-adrenoceptors (β 2-ARs) and
protect them against down-regulation. Conversely, β 2-AR agonists improve the anti …

Background Equine asthma is a disease characterised by reversible airflow obstruction,
bronchial hyper‐responsiveness and airway inflammation following exposure of susceptible …

Background Airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) are pivotal
characteristics of equine asthma. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may have a central role in …

Equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) is a naturally occurring respiratory disease in
horses with many similarities to human asthma and, as a result, has been used as an animal …