Evidence demonstrates that chronic caffeine exposure, primarily through consumption of
coffee or tea, leads to increased alertness and anxiety. Preclinical and clinical studies …

Clinical and preclinical research have identified sex differences in substance use and
addiction-related behaviors. Historically, substance use disorders are more prevalent in men …

Alteration of glutamatergic-neurotransmission is a hallmark of alcohol dependence. We
have previously reported that chronic ethanol-drinking downregulated glutamate transporter …

The purpose of this review is to present animal research models that can be used to screen
and/or repurpose medications for the treatment of alcohol abuse and dependence. The …

Dysregulation of glutamate homeostasis is a well-established core feature of
neuropsychiatric disorders. Extracellular glutamate concentration is regulated by glutamate …

Rationale Evidence suggests that glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) and cystine/glutamate
exchanger transporter (xCT) are critical in maintaining glutamate homeostasis. We have …

The gut microbiome modulates neurochemical function and behavior and has been
implicated in numerous central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including developmental …

Addiction is a devastating disorder that produces persistent maladaptive changes to the
central nervous system, including glial cells. Although there is an extensive body of literature …

Studies have demonstrated that deletion of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) is
associated with reduced glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) level, and consequently increased …

Herein, we have reviewed the role of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the
brain, in a number of neurochemical,-physiological, and-behavioral processes mediating the …