Background Adequate maternal thyroid function is important for an uncomplicated
pregnancy. Although multiple observational studies have evaluated the association between …

Thyroid disorders are prevalent in pregnant women. Furthermore, thyroid hormone has a
critical role in fetal development and thyroid dysfunction can adversely affect obstetric …

Importance Maternal hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are risk factors for preterm birth.
Milder thyroid function test abnormalities and thyroid autoimmunity are more prevalent, but it …

The present review deals with the functional roles of iodine and its metabolism. The main
biological function of iodine concerns its role in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THs) …

Background Pyrethroid metabolites are widely detectable in urine from the general
population, including pregnant women and children. Pyrethroids are neurotoxic and …

Background Pesticides and metals may disrupt thyroid function, which is key to fetal brain
development. Objectives To evaluate if current-use pesticide exposures, lead and excess …

Importance Abundant evidence suggests thyroid dysfunction is associated with adverse
pregnancy outcomes. However, associations of preconception thyrotropin levels outside of …

Background Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are believed to impair early
neurodevelopment and disrupt thyroid hormone (TH) levels. However, there are limited …

It is well established that maternal thyroid hormones play an important role for the
developing fetus; however, the consequences of maternal hyperthyroidism for the offspring …

Background Iron deficiency (ID) is concerned as the most common nutritional deficiency
worldwide. The effects of ID on thyroid function and autoimmunity in pregnant women and …