The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is a glucose-oxidizing pathway that runs in parallel
to upper glycolysis to produce ribose 5-phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide …

The heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) were discovered over 30 years ago as direct
transcriptional activators of genes regulated by thermal stress, encoding heat shock …

In diabetes mellitus, the polyol pathway is highly active and consumes approximately 30%
glucose in the body. This pathway contains 2 reactions catalyzed by aldose reductase (AR) …

Cellular redox homeostasis is precisely balanced by generation and elimination of reactive
oxygen species (ROS). ROS are not only capable of causing oxidation of proteins, lipids and …

Chronic overnutrition creates chronic hyperglycemia that can gradually induce insulin
resistance and insulin secretion impairment. These disorders, if not intervened, will …

Protein oxidation is involved in regulatory physiological events as well as in damage to
tissues and is thought to play a key role in the pathophysiology of diseases and in the aging …

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones produced in response to oxidative
stress (OS). These proteins are involved in the folding of newly synthesized proteins and …

Reperfusion of the heart after a period of ischaemia leads to the opening of a nonspecific
pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane, known as the mitochondrial permeability …

Protein oxidative modifications, also known as protein oxidation, are a major class of protein
posttranslational modifications. They are caused by reactions between protein amino acid …

Various stress factors leading to protein damage induce the activation of an evolutionarily
conserved cell protective mechanism, the heat shock response (HSR), to maintain protein …