Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification responsible for a multitude of
crucial biological roles. As obligate parasites, viruses exploit host-cell machinery to …

The influenza viruses are some of the most important human pathogens, causing substantial
seasonal and pandemic morbidity and mortality. In humans, infection of the lower respiratory …

Here we have generated 3D structures of glycoforms of the spike (S) glycoprotein from
SARS-CoV-2, based on reported 3D structures and glycomics data for the protein produced …

Concern that a highly pathogenic virus might cause the next influenza pandemic has
spurred recent research into influenza and its complications. Bacterial superinfection in the …

Seasonal and pandemic influenza are the two faces of respiratory infections caused by
influenza viruses in humans. As seasonal influenza occurs on an annual basis, the …

Influenza A virions possess two surface glycoproteins—the hemagglutinin (HA) and
neuraminidase (NA)—which exert opposite functions. HA attaches virions to cells by binding …

Seasonal influenza A viruses (IAV) originate from pandemic IAV and have undergone
changes in antigenic structure, including addition of glycans to the hemagglutinin (HA) …

Human and avian influenza viruses recognize different sialic acid-containing receptors,
referred to as human-type (NeuAcα2-6Gal) and avian-type (NeuAcα2-3Gal), respectively …

Recent cases of avian influenza H5N1 and the swine-origin 2009 H1N1 have caused a
great concern that a global disaster like the 1918 influenza pandemic may occur again. Viral …

The ability to elicit broadly neutralizing antibody responses against HIV-1 is a crucial goal for
a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine. Here, we discuss the difficulties of achieving broad HIV-1 …