mRNA vaccines have brought about a great revolution in the vaccine fields owing to their
simplicity and adaptability in antigen design, potential to induce both humoral and cell …

Tremendous innovation is underway among a rapidly expanding repertoire of promising
personalized immune-based treatments. Therapeutic cancer vaccines (TCVs) are attractive …

Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a highly conserved pathway that regulates cell proliferation,
differentiation, apoptosis, stem cell self-renewal, tissue homeostasis, and wound healing …

Metastasis is one of the main causes of failure in the treatment of triple-negative breast
cancer (TNBC). Immunotherapy brings hope and opportunity to solve this challenge, while …

Background The immune system interacts with cancer cells in various intricate ways that can
protect the individual from overproliferation of cancer cells; however, these interactions can …

Cancer has emerged as a pressing global public health issue, and improving the
effectiveness of cancer treatment remains one of the foremost challenges of modern …

Since the successful application of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines in preventing COVID-
19, researchers have been striving to develop mRNA vaccines for clinical use, including …

Using nanotechnology for cancer vaccine design holds great promise because of the
intrinsic feature of nanoparticles in being captured by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) …

Though single tumor immunotherapy and radiotherapy have significantly improved the
survival rate of tumor patients, there are certain limitations in overcoming tumor metastasis …

Cancer immunotherapy harnesses the immune system to attack tumors and has received
extensive attention in recent years. Cancer vaccines as an important branch of …