Data will be reviewed using the acoustic startle reflex in rats and humans based on our
attempts to operationally define fear vs anxiety. Although the symptoms of fear and anxiety …

Dysregulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)–urocortin (UCN) system has been
implicated in stress-related psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. It has been …

The vertebrate hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA; or interrenal) axis plays pivotal roles
in animal development and in physiological and behavioral adaptation to environmental …

Environments experienced by organisms during early development shape the character and
timing of developmental processes, leading to different probabilities of survival in the …

Oxytocin (OT) has drawn the attention of researchers since 1930. Since then, many aspects
of oxytocin have been uncovered, such as reproductive functions, dampening anxiety …

Markers of hyperactive central corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) systems and CRF‐related
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in patients with anxiety and …

Loss of a partner can have severe effects on mental health. Here we explore the neural
mechanisms underlying increased passive stress-coping, indicative of depressive-like …

The environment experienced by developing organisms can shape the timing and character
of developmental processes, generating different phenotypes from the same genotype, each …

Addictive disorders are chronic, relapsing conditions that cause extensive disease burden.
Genetic factors partly account for susceptibility to addiction, but environmental factors such …

Sudden unexpected environmental changes capture attention and, when perceived as
potentially dangerous, evoke defensive behavioral states. Perturbations of the lateral …