Advanced high-tech applications for communication, renewable energy, and display, heavily
rely on technology critical elements (TCEs) such as indium, gallium, and germanium …

Rapid technological development and modernization lead to increased production and
consumption of electronic equipment as well as plastic commodities. This results in a large …

The growing demand for energy storage devices due to the skyrocketing production/
consumption of portable electrical and electronic equipment as well as electric vehicles has …

Due to the vast consumption and shortened lifespan of mobile phones, waste mobile
phones (WMPs) have become one of the fastest-growing global waste electrical and …

One of the important concerns in the world is electronic waste (e-waste). Ending up e-waste
in the landfill and inappropriate disposing of it are hazardous to the environment. The goal of …

Liquid crystal display (LCD) screens can release many organic pollutants into the indoor
environment, including liquid crystal monomers (LCMs), which have been proposed as a …

The by-products of zinc refineries are used as the primary mineral resources for the
commercial production of indium. The discarded LCDs containing adequate amount of …

An effective and environmentally friendly process was developed for recovering metals
present in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), using a mechanical process followed by heat …

In recent years, the rapid development of copper indium gallium selenide (GIGS) solar cells
makes it necessary to recycle spent CIGS in order to realize circular economy. In this work, a …

Indium (In) is the indispensable part of liquid crystal display (LCD) screen which is applied
as a thin semiconductor layer on the surface mainly in the form of indium tin oxide (ITO), and …