In this review, we are pitting two theories against each other: the more accepted theory, the
number sense theory, suggesting that a sense of number is innate and non-symbolic …

Although humans are the only species to possess language-driven abstract mathematical
capacities, we share with many other animals a nonverbal capacity for estimating quantities …

Humans, including infants, and many other species have a capacity for rapid, nonverbal
estimation of numerosity. However, the mechanisms for number perception are still not clear; …

There is considerable interest in how humans estimate the number of objects in a scene in
the context of an extensive literature on how we estimate the density (ie, spacing) of objects …

On a now orthodox view, humans and many other animals possess a “number sense,” or
approximate number system (ANS), that represents number. Recently, this orthodox view …

Despite the existence of much evidence for a number sense in humans, several researchers
have questioned whether number is sensed directly or derived indirectly from texture …

The numerosity of small numbers of objects, up to about four, can be rapidly appraised
without error, a phenomenon known as subitizing. Larger numbers can either be counted …

It is now clear that most animals, including humans, possess an ability to rapidly estimate
number. Some have questioned whether this ability arises from dedicated numerosity …

Recent studies have demonstrated that the numerosity of visually presented dot arrays is
represented in low-level visual cortex extremely early in latency. However, whether or not …

Human early visual cortex response amplitudes monotonically increase with numerosity
(object number), regardless of object size and spacing. However, numerosity is typically …