Abstract RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is one of the most important pathways of
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), which widely participate in regulating cell …

Ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury is a disease process that affects several vital organs. There
is widespread agreement that the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway plays a crucial role in the …

Despite a relatively developed understanding of the pathophysiology underlying primary
and secondary mechanisms of cell death after ischemic injury, there are few established …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible deterioration
of the airway wall. Cigarette smoking is the major trigger, and in vitro studies showed that …

Stem cell therapies have emerged as a promising treatment strategy for various diseases
characterized by ischemic injury such as ischemic stroke. Cell survival after transplantation …

Tendon stem cells (TSCs) are often exposed to oxidative stress at tendon injury sites, which
impairs their physiological effect as well as therapeutic application. Recently, extracellular …

Cerebral ischemic stroke and glioma are the two leading causes of patient mortality globally.
Despite physiological variations, 1 in 10 people who have an ischemic stroke go on to …

Oxidative stress (OS) arises as a consequence of an imbalance between the formation of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the capacity of antioxidant defense mechanisms to …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic, insidious, and progressive neuro‐degenerative
disease that remains a clinical challenge for society. The fully approved drug lecanemab …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) injury and apoptosis
are considered to be the initiating link of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and protecting …