While the role of active smoking on response to vaccines is yet to be fully understood, some
real-world studies have outlined a possible link between smoking and humoral response to …

Neuroimmunological diseases and their treatment compromise the immune system, thereby
increasing the risk of infections and serious illness. Consequently, vaccinations to protect …

Background COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for patients with multiple sclerosis
(pwMS), while disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) may influence the efficacy of SARS-CoV …

Background: With the new highly active drugs available for people with multiple sclerosis
(pwMS), vaccination becomes an essential part of the risk management strategy Objective …

Studies among people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) receiving disease-modifying therapies
(DMTs) have provided adequate evidence for an appraisal of COVID-19 vaccination policies …

Aging is associated with a progressive decline of innate and adaptive immune responses,
called immunosenescence. This phenomenon links to different multiple sclerosis (MS) …

Background Sphingosine-one phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulation inhibits S1PR1-
mediated lymphocyte migration, lesion formation and positively-impacts on active multiple …

Background and purpose With the new highly active drugs available for people with multiple
sclerosis (pwMS), vaccination becomes an essential part of the risk management strategy …

Background and Objectives Some disease-modifying treatments impair response to severe
acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines in multiple sclerosis …

Objective To compare “hybrid immunity”(prior COVID‐19 infection plus vaccination) and post‐
vaccination immunity to SARS CoV‐2 in MS patients on different disease‐modifying …