Coal, containing all the elements that are present in nature and more than 200 minerals, has
a complex chemical structure, making it one of the most complex geological materials …

Coal is a resource primarily used for electric power generation, and currently supplies 41%
of global electricity needs. Coal can also be considered as an economic source of …

Scandium is a critical metal in increasing demand for modern technologies, such as light-
weight aluminum-scandium alloys. Evaluating current and identifying new sources of the …

Current concerns about lack of diversity in supply of critical metals have spurred research
into utilizing domestic sources, particularly from waste streams. Sustainability strategies like …

The majority of rare earth elements (REEs) in coal fly ash (CFA) are associated with the
aluminosilicate glassy phase, hindering their solubility in the acid leaching process. In this …

Many studies have been published in recent years focusing on the recovery of rare earth
elements (REEs) from coal-related materials, including coal, coal refuse, coal mine …

Coal ash is considered as a promising alternative resource for rare earth elements and
yttrium (REE+ Y or REY) recovery. Coal ash samples (fly ash and bottom ash), as well as …

China is, and in the coming decades should continue to be, the largest producer and user of
coal in the world. The high volume of coal usage in China has focused attention not only on …

Volcanic ashes in coal and coal-bearing sequences typically occur as persistent bands
within coal seams (generally as tonsteins, but in a few cases as bentonites, K-bentonites, or …

Rare earth elements (REE) are of strategic importance because they find numerous
applications in various sectors of the global economy. The concern about the REE supply …