OBJECTIVE Training of residents is an essential but time-consuming and costly task in the
surgical disciplines. During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, surgical education …

Purpose The anatomy of both the brain and the skull is particularly difficult to learn and to
teach. Since their anatomical structures are numerous and gathered in a complex …

Mastery of lateral skull base (LSB) surgery requires thorough knowledge of complex, 3-
dimensional (3D) microanatomy and techniques. While supervised operation under …

Background The teaching of neuroanatomy in medical education has historically been
based on didactic instruction, cadaveric dissections, and intraoperative experience for …

Background Identification and protection of the cochlea during anterior petrosectomy is key
to prevent hearing loss. Currently, there is no optimal method to infer the position of the …

Advances in three-dimensional (3D) video recording and playback have expanded the
availability of stereoscopic videos for consumption with specialized televisions, computer …

Objective Stereoscopic viewing of computed tomographic angiography (CT-A) or magnetic
resonance angiograms might increase the diagnostic potential of these imaging techniques …

Objective Stereoscopic video recordings of operative microscopy during neuroanatomic
dissections are an important component of surgical training and research in well-financed …

The microsurgical approach to the basal ganglia (NB) was performed from the lateral
surface of the cerebral hemispheres (HC) to the medial surface in order to preserve the …