Generalized vitiligo is an acquired disorder in which patches of depigmented skin, overlying
hair and oral mucosa result from progressive autoimmune loss of melanocytes from the …

It currently is believed that scleroderma is a complex polygenic disease that occurs in
genetically predisposed individuals who have encountered specific environment exposures …

Among the connective tissue diseases, systemic sclerosis is an orphan disease in which
diffuse connective tissue alterations lead to multi-organ involvement. Environmental factors …

Abstract CD28/CTLA-4–CD80/CD86 molecules play an important role in the regulation of T
cells activation. Defects in proteins involved in this pathway may lead to the development of …

The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and costimulatory molecule
(CD80/CD86) genes are important susceptibility genes associated with autoimmune …

Purpose Allergic asthma (AA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are immune tolerance-related
diseases, and immune tolerance is known to be influenced by costimulatory molecules. In …

The prognosis of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), such as Graves' disease (GD) and
Hashimoto's disease (HD), are difficult to predict. Both CD80 and CD86 costimulatory …

The prototypic autoimmune diseases involving skin (lupus, dermatomyositis) typically result
in epithelial injury and autoantibodies to characteristic cellular antigens. Disease-specific …

Signaling through antigen presenting cells is required to activate T lymphocytes. The
antigen-specific signal is given by interaction of the T-cell receptor (TCR) with the major …

Treatment of haemophilia A by infusions of the clotting factor VIII (FVIII) results in the
development of inhibitors/anti-drug antibodies in up to 25% of patients. Mechanisms leading …