2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Abstract The past three years (2020–2022) have witnessed the re-emergence of large, long-
lived ozone holes over Antarctica. Understanding ozone variability remains of high …

After decades of depletion in the 20th century, near-global ozone now shows clear signs of
recovery in the upper stratosphere. The ozone column, however, has remained largely …

In contrast to the general stratospheric ozone recovery following international agreements,
recent observations show an ongoing net ozone depletion in the tropical lower stratosphere …

We present an updated perspective on near-global total ozone trends for the period 1995–
2020. We use the GOME-type (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) Total Ozone Essential …

It is now recognized and confirmed that the ozone layer shields the biosphere from
dangerous solar UV radiation and is also important for the global atmosphere and climate …

The stratospheric ozone layer shields surface life from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Following the Montreal Protocol ban on long-lived ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) …

This paper features the new atmosphere–ocean–aerosol–chemistry–climate model, SOlar
Climate Ozone Links (SOCOL) v4. 0, and its validation. The new model was built by …

Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation harms humans and ecosystems. The level
of surface UV radiation had increased due to declines in stratospheric ozone in the late …

There is evidence that the ozone layer has begun to recover owing to the ban on the
production of halogenated ozone-depleting substances (hODS) accomplished by the …