Transcription and translation require a high concentration of potassium across the entire tree
of life. The conservation of a high intracellular potassium was an absolute requirement for …

It has long been held that cortisol, a glucocorticoid in many vertebrates, performs
glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid actions in the teleost fish since it lacks aldosterone …

1. Introduction 1.1. What Is Stress? 1.2. Dynamics of the Stress Response and Effects on
Performance 1.3. Contemporary View of the GAS: Eustress versus Distress 1.4. Sensory …

Vertebrate Endocrinology, Sixth Edition, provides a comprehensive, up-to-date treatment of
the endocrine system for college and university students as well as researchers. This book is …

Fish faced with stressful stimuli launch an endocrine stress response through activation of
the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI-) axis to release cortisol into the blood …

Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) are descended from an
ancestral corticoid receptor (CR). To date, the earliest CR have been found in lamprey and …

Most proteins are regulated by physical interactions with other molecules; some are highly
specific, but others interact with many partners. Despite much speculation, we know little …

Considering that life on earth evolved about 3.7 billion years ago, vertebrates are young,
appearing in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion about 542 to 515 million years …

Spironolactone was first developed over 50 years ago as a potent mineralocorticoid receptor
(MR) antagonist with undesirable side effects; it was followed a decade ago by eplerenone …

High-throughput screening (HTS) and computational technologies have emerged as
important tools for chemical hazard identification. The US Environmental Protection Agency …