THE evaluation of pain in the human fetus and neonate is difficult because pain is generally
defined as a subjective phenomenon. 1 Early studies of neurologic development concluded …

Beginning with a brief description of mature anatomic pathways and neurotransmitters in the
“pain system,” this article details their development in the human fetus, neonate, and child …

After 30 years, Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies remains your go-to choice for
authoritative guidance on managing today's obstetric patient. International experts put the …

Paired fetal and maternal samples were obtained, at fetal blood sampling and intrauterine
transfusion, to study hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress responses. This confirmed that …

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the fetus mounts a hormonal stress
response to a potentially painful procedure, intrauterine needling. Cortisol and β-endorphin …

Introduction The discovery of multiple, endogenous, opioid peptides (1) and opioid receptors
(2, 3) led to the idea that each receptor type may mediate a distinct profile of pharmacologic …

Corticotropin-releasing hormone immunoactivity (CRHi) was measured in the plasma of 31
pregnant women and 6 nonpregnant women as well as in the umbilical cord plasma of 40 …

This review summarizes recent developments on the effects of opiate drugs and the various
endogenous opioid peptides on breathing. These developments include demonstration of …

Naloxone hydrochloride, a synthetic N-allyl derivative of oxymorphone, is an effective agent
for the reversal of the cardiovascular and respiratory depression associated with narcotic …

Naloxone has enjoyed long-standing success as a safe and effective opioid antagonist and
has been invaluable in defining the role of endogenous opioid pathways in the response to …