Introduction: Adverse immune activation contributes to many central nervous system (CNS)
disorders. All main CNS cell types express toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4). This receptor is …

Human lifestyle and dietary behaviors contribute to disease onset and progression.
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), considered multifactorial disorders, have been …

The progressive degeneration of cartilage marks the advancement of osteoarthritis (OA),
which requires specific targeted treatment for effective cartilage repair. However, there is still …

Hyaluronic acid (HA) plays a vital role in the extracellular matrix of neural tissues. Originally
thought to hydrate tissues and provide mechanical support, it is now clear that HA is also a …

Neuroinflammation and microglial dysfunction are key contributors to the development of
Alzheimer's disease (AD). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins primarily …

Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is amongst the leading causes of morbidity and
mortality worldwide. Despite evidence of neurogenesis post-TBI, survival and integration of …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most prevalent motor neuron disorder worldwide.
In ALS, progressing disease can result from misfolding and aggregation of superoxide …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) represent one of the bridges that regulate the cross‐talk between
the innate and adaptive immune systems. TLRs interact with molecules shared and …

Recent advances have placed the pro-inflammatory activity of amyloid β (Aβ) on microglia
cells as the focus of research on Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Researchers are confronted with …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) make a crucial contribution to the innate immune response. TLR5
was expressed in embryoid body derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and …