Determining when and whether to provide personalized support is a well-known challenge
called the assistance dilemma. A core problem in solving the assistance dilemma is the …

Constrained action-based decision-making is one of the most challenging decision-making
problems. It refers to a scenario where an agent takes action in an environment not only to …

Research on intelligent tutoring systems has been exploring data-driven methods to deliver
effective adaptive assistance. While much work has been done to provide adaptive …

The recent surge of interest in algorithmic decision-making among scholars across
disciplines is associated with its potential to resolve the challenges common to …

Previous research has shown that worked examples can increase learning efficiency during
computer-aided instruction, especially when alternatively offered with problem solving …

Abstract The effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) often depends upon their
pedagogical strategies, the policies used to decide what action to take next in the face of …

Time is money and a reduction in time should be the first goal of any training program or any
employee development initiative. The skills and knowledge acquired today become …

Problem solving is integral to learning in science, technology, engineering, math, and
computer science (STEM+ C) fields. Computer-aided instruction environments allow …

Data-driven methods have previously been used in intelligent tutoring systems to improve
student learning outcomes and predict student learning methods. We have been …

BKT and other classical student models are designed for binary environments where actions
are either correct or incorrect. These models face limitations in open-ended and data-driven …