Hormonal changes around ovulation divide the menstrual cycle (MC) into the follicular and
luteal phases. In addition, oral contraceptives (OCs) have active (higher hormone) and …

Background To combat historical underrepresentation of female participants in research,
guidelines have been established to motivate equal participation by both sexes. However …

The inclusion of sex and gender considerations in biomedicine has been increasing in light
of calls from research and funding agencies, governmental bodies, and advocacy groups to …

Purpose Reactive hyperemia (RH) is widely used for the investigation of macrovascular
(flow-mediated dilation, or FMD) and microvascular (near-infrared spectroscopy-vascular …

Historical exclusion of females in research has been, in part, due to the perceived influence
of natural menstrual (NAT) and oral contraceptive pill (OCP) cycles on vascular outcomes …

The effect of age and sex on intracranial and extracranial cerebrovascular function is poorly
understood. We investigated the relationships between age, sex, and cerebrovascular …

Neurovascular coupling (NVC) is the matching between local neuronal activity and regional
cerebral blood flow (CBF), but little is known about the effects of age and sex on NVC. This …

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of sex and menstrual cycle phase on celiac
artery blood flow during dynamic exercise in healthy young humans. Eleven healthy young …

Females generally have smaller blood pressure (BP) responses to isolated muscle
mechanoreflex and metaboreflex activation compared with males, which may explain sex …

Purpose Adequate, robust vascular responses to passive and active movement represent
two distinct components linked to normal, healthy cardiovascular function. Currently, limited …