Animal research has identified two major phenotypes in the tendency to attribute incentive
salience to a reward-associated cue. Individuals called “sign-trackers”(STs) preferentially …

Cues that predict rewards can trigger reward-seeking behaviors but also can, in some
cases, become targets of motivation themselves. One behavioral phenomenon that captures …

Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by changes in the brain and behavior,
including heightened reward seeking, increased impulsivity, and elevated risk-taking …

Impulsive choice describes a preference for a smaller‐sooner reward (SSR) over a larger‐
later reward (LLR). A large body of research has examined different procedures for …

Sign-tracking behavior, also known as" autoshaping", is defined as approach and interaction
with reward-predictive cues. It is associated with addiction-related phenotypes and …

Moving across dynamic surfaces and obstacles requires integrating cues that guide
movements, such as turning commands. The ability to detect and effectively integrate these …