We all are needed the personal vehicle that could help us to travel from home to office and
travel to vocations means we need the personal vehicle for traveling for this we purchase the …

Radio frequency (RF) spectrum is already dense enough and hard to add more broadband
channels to meet the current user demands. Optical free-space communications could be an …

Free space optical (FSO) communication offers huge bandwidth, license-free spectrum and
a more secure channel. PIN diodes are normally used for detection, but avalanche …

Wireless communication has achieved lot of attention and the demand is continually
increasing day by day. Radio frequency (RF) is highly attracted by various wireless …

Spectrum of radio frequency (RF) communications is limited and expensive to install new
applications. Free space optical (FSO) communication is a viable technology which offers …

For middle/short-range terrestrial high-speed free-space optical (FSO) communication
systems employing ON-OFF keying (OOK) and PIN photodiode receivers, the noise …

In these days, our country Pakistan is facing numerous crises. Electric power is one of them.
Therefore, it is time to presents such sources to beat the crises of power. Sources should be …

Photovoltaic energy is considered highly favorable due to the environment's pleasant
nature. After analyzing different maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms, an …

Avalanche photo-diodes (APD) are widely employed in visible light communication (VLC)
systems. Experiments show that under official illuminance APD shot noise can not be …

In the new era, the demand of bandwidth hungry applications is increasing day by day. In
the similar manner, it is going to be unfeasible for the electromagnetic spectrum to adjust the …