The discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has now been universally
acknowledged as a significant breakthrough in tumor therapy after the targeted treatment of …

The immune checkpoint molecule CD70 and its receptor CD27 are aberrantly expressed in
many hematological and solid malignancies. Dysregulation of the CD70-CD27 axis within …

Clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC) is a heterogeneous disease with a variable post-
surgical course. To assemble a comprehensive ccRCC tumor microenvironment (TME) …

Immune checkpoint molecules, including inhibitory and stimulatory immune checkpoint
molecules, are defined as ligand–receptor pairs that exert inhibitory or stimulatory effects on …

Effective therapeutic strategies are needed for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients
with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations that acquire resistance to EGFR …

The activities of non-haematopoietic cells (NHCs), including mesenchymal stromal cells and
endothelial cells, in lymphomas are reported to underlie lymphomagenesis. However, our …

Multiple factors in the design of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) influence CAR T-cell
activity, with costimulatory signals being a key component. Yet, the impact of costimulatory …

Malignant tumors contain heterogeneous populations of cells in various states of
proliferation and differentiation. The presence of cancer stem or initiating cells is a well …

The treatment options for advanced papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and anaplastic thyroid
cancer (ATC) refractory to standard therapies are limited. Although anti-PD-1 therapy has a …

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) provide researchers with unique models to understand
in vivo immune responses in general and immunity to infections in particular. In humans …