This paper reviews the state-of-the art in the field of lock-in time-of-flight (ToF) cameras, their
advantages, their limitations, the existing calibration methods, and the way they are being …

Time-of-flight (TOF) cameras provide a depth value at each pixel, from which the 3D
structure of the scene can be estimated. This new type of active sensor makes it possible to …

Computer vision provides local environmental information for robotic navigation in crop
fields. It is particularly useful for robots operating under canopies of tall plants such as corns …

Real-time 3D perception of the surrounding environment is a crucial precondition for the
reliable and safe application of mobile service robots in domestic environments. Using a …

ToF cameras are now a mature technology that is widely being adopted to provide sensory
input to robotic applications. Depending on the nature of the objects to be perceived and the …

This paper presents two techniques to detect and classify navigable terrain in complex three‐
dimensional (3D) environments. The first method is a low level on‐line mechanism aimed at …

Recently, there has been remarkable growth of interest in the development and applications
of time-of-flight (ToF) depth cameras. Despite the permanent improvement of their …

Visual navigation of mobile robots has become a core capability that enables many
interesting applications from planetary exploration to self-driving cars. While systems built on …

Visual Teach and Repeat (VT&R) is an effective method to enable a vehicle to repeat any
previously driven route using just a visual sensor and without a global positioning system …

In an effort to facilitate lighting-invariant exploration, this paper presents an appearance-
based approach using 3D scanning laser-rangefinders for two core visual navigation …