Synthetic biopolymers are effective cues to replace damaged tissue in the tissue
engineering (TE) field, both for in vitro and in vivo application. Among them, poly-l-lactic acid …

Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue worldwide, with over four million
operations using bone grafts or bone substitute materials annually to treat bone defects …

Metal ions are important trace elements in the human body, which directly affect the human
metabolism and the regeneration of damaged tissues. For instance, the advanced …

Treating large bone defects, known as critical-sized defects (CSDs), is challenging because
they are not spontaneously healed by the patient's body. Due to the limitations associated …

Nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAp) is similar to human bone mineral in structure and biochemistry
and is, therefore, widely used as bone biomaterial and a drug carrier. Further, n-HAp …

Due to a prolonged life expectancy, the number of orthopedic-related fractures and
pathologies is increasing, leading to a tremendous demand for efficient orthopedic …

Bone tissue is the structural component of the body, which allows locomotion, protects vital
internal organs, and provides the maintenance of mineral homeostasis. Several bone …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells owing to their regenerative potential
and multilineage potency. MSCs have wide-scale applications either in their native cellular …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing (rapid prototyping or additive manufacturing)
technologies have received significant attention in various fields over the past several …

The local sustained release of bioactive substances are attracting increasing attention in
bone tissue engineering, which is beneficial to bone tissue formation and helps to improve …