Athletic training is associated with a spectrum of morphologic and functional cardiac
adaptations known as 'the athlete's heart'. 1, 2 To the purpose of the present document an …

Multiple epidemiological studies document that habitual physical activity reduces the risk of
atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and most demonstrate progressively lower …

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is the most common myocardial structural abnormality
associated with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). LVH is driven by …

Current guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology advocate regular physical activity
as a Class IA recommendation for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease …

Aims Due to superior exercise performance, athletes show higher blood pressure (BP) at
peak exercise compared to untrained individuals. Thus, higher reference values for peak …

Background The athlete's heart is associated with physiological remodeling as a
consequence of repetitive cardiac loading. The effect of exercise training on left ventricular …

Background—Swimming-induced pulmonary edema (SIPE) occurs during swimming or
scuba diving, often in young individuals with no predisposing conditions, and its …

Background Exercise test is widespread performed in athletes to assess cardiovascular
adaptations during effort; however, scarce information exists relative to the behavior of blood …

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) of an athlete is a rare but tragic event and sport activity might
play a trigger role in athletes with underlying structural or electrical heart diseases …

“Athlete's heart” is a spectrum of morphological and functional changes which occur in the
heart of people who practice physical activity. When athlete's heart occurs with its most …