Tumours employ various tactics to adapt and eventually resist immune attack. These
mechanisms are collectively called adaptive immune resistance (AIR). The first defined and …

Lung cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Every year, 1· 8
million people are diagnosed with lung cancer, and 1· 6 million people die as a result of the …

Abstract Introduction The Blueprint Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1)
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) Assay Comparison Project is an industrial-academic …

The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1)
immune checkpoints are negative regulators of T-cell immune function. Inhibition of these …

Immune checkpoint antibodies that augment the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-
L1 pathway have demonstrated antitumor activity across multiple malignancies, and gained …

The immune system maintains a critically organized network to defend against foreign
particles, while evading self-reactivity simultaneously. T lymphocytes function as effectors …

Background Programmed death 1 (PD-1) programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors
show significant clinical activity in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However, they …

Summary Background PD-L1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoints inhibit antitumour T-cell
activity. Combination treatment with the anti-PD-L1 antibody durvalumab and the anti-CTLA …

Targeted therapies are substantially changing the management of lung cancers. These
treatments include drugs that target driver mutations, those that target presumed important …

BACKGROUND Monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1)
and programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) are effective therapies in patients with non‐small …