Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a key second messenger that regulates signal
transduction pathways pivotal for numerous biological functions. Intracellular cAMP levels …

In the central nervous system, some specific phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoforms modulate
pathways involved in neuronal plasticity. Accumulating evidence suggests that PDE9 may …

Abstract Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) is an enzyme primarily found in the smooth
muscle of the corpus cavernosum and also highly expressed in the substantia nigra …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as intracranial injury, is a common condition with
the highest incidence rate among neurodegenerative disorders and poses a significant …

Introduction: Memory dysfunction has remained a challenging issue globally. Nootropics
have proven fruitful in managing cognitive dysfunction but because of their side effects …

Differentiation-inducing factor 1 (DIF-1) isolated from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium
discoideum can inhibit mammalian calmodulin-dependent cAMP/cGMP phosphodiesterase …

Imidazoline I 2 receptors (I2-IRs) are altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and are
associated with analgesia. I2-IRs are not structurally described, and their pharmacological …

Background Innate immune stimulants, including mycobacterium cell wall fractions (MCWF),
offer an alternative control option to prevent and treat disease in livestock, by appropriately …

Human cognition fundamentally depends on memory. Alzheimer's disease exhibits a strong
correlation with a decline in this factor. Phosphodiesterase‐4 B (PDE4B) plays a crucial role …

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) constitute a superfamily of phosphohydrolytic enzymes that
regulate intracellular second messenger signaling by hydrolyzing cyclic adenosine …