▪ Abstract The functional causes of life history trade-offs have been a topic of interest to
evolutionary biologists for over six decades. Our review of life history trade-offs discusses …

The connection between development and evolution has become the focus of an increasing
amount of research in recent years, and heterochrony has long been a key concept in this …

Superimposition methods for comparing configurations of landmarks in two or more
specimens are reviewed. These methods show differences in shape among specimens as …

In this work, George C. Williams--one of evolutionary biology's most distinguished scholars--
examines the mechanisms and meaning of natural selection in evolution. Williams offers his …

SYNOPSIS. Maternal effects comprise a class of phenotypic effects that parents have on
phenotypes of their offspring that are unrelated to the offspring's own genotype. Although …

▪ Abstract Most models of optimal progeny size assume that there is a trade-off between
progeny size and number, and that progeny fitness increases with increasing investment per …

Parents affect offspring fitness by propagule size and quality, selection of oviposition site,
quality of incubation, feeding of dependent young, and their defence against predators and …

Morphometrics-the quantitative description, analysis, and interpretation of shape and shape
variation in biology-is a fundamental area of research. Techniques of description and …

This chapter offers an overview of invertebrate embryology and larval development,
outlining a consistent scheme for classifying the diversity of larval development modes. It …

▪ Abstract Inherited environmental effects are those components of the phenotype that are
derived from either parent, apart from nuclear genes. Inherited environmental effects arise …