Context is widely regarded as a major determinant of learning and memory across
numerous domains, including classical and instrumental conditioning, episodic memory …

Humans possess a remarkable ability to make decisions within real-world environments that
are expansive, complex, and multidimensional. Human cognitive computational …

Memory and planning rely on learning the structure of relationships among experiences.
Compact representations of these structures guide flexible behavior in humans and animals …

Regulating how fast to learn is critical for flexible behavior. Learning about the
consequences of actions should be slow in stable environments, but accelerate when that …

An organism's survival depends on its ability to learn about its environment and to make
adaptive decisions in the service of achieving the best possible outcomes in that …

Highlights•'Reinforcement learning'(RL) refers to different concepts in machine learning,
psychology, and neuroscience.•In psychology and neuroscience, RL models have provided …

Motor learning is often viewed as a unitary process that operates outside of conscious
awareness. This perspective has led to the development of sophisticated models designed …

In cognitive-behavioral conceptualizations of anxiety, exaggerated threat expectancies
underlie maladaptive anxiety. This view has led to successful treatments, notably exposure …

Many skills in our everyday lives are learned by sequencing actions towards a desired goal.
The action sequence can become a chunk when individual actions are grouped together …

In reinforcement learning (RL) experiments, participants learn to make rewarding choices in
response to different stimuli; RL models use outcomes to estimate stimulus–response values …