Could SARS-CoV-2 spike protein be responsible for long-COVID syndrome?

TC Theoharides - Molecular Neurobiology, 2022 - Springer
SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via its spike protein binding to its surface receptor on target cells
and results in acute symptoms involving especially the lungs known as COVID-19. However …

Long‐COVID syndrome‐associated brain fog and chemofog: Luteolin to the rescue

TC Theoharides, C Cholevas, K Polyzoidis… - Biofactors, 2021 - Wiley Online Library
COVID‐19 leads to severe respiratory problems, but also to long‐COVID syndrome
associated primarily with cognitive dysfunction and fatigue. Long‐COVID syndrome …

Immune cell compartmentalization for brain surveillance and protection

T Croese, G Castellani, M Schwartz - Nature immunology, 2021 - nature.com
For decades, it was commonly accepted that the brain is secluded from peripheral immune
activity and is self-sufficient for its maintenance and repair. This simplistic perception was …

[HTML][HTML] Blood–brain barrier dynamics to maintain brain homeostasis

M Segarra, MR Aburto, A Acker-Palmer - Trends in neurosciences, 2021 - cell.com
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic platform for exchange of substances between
the blood and the brain parenchyma, and it is an essential functional gatekeeper for the …

An inflammation-centric view of neurological disease: beyond the neuron

SD Skaper, L Facci, M Zusso, P Giusti - Frontiers in cellular …, 2018 - frontiersin.org
Inflammation is a complex biological response fundamental to how the body deals with
injury and infection to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and effect repair. Unlike a …

Blood-brain barrier regulation in psychiatric disorders

J Kealy, C Greene, M Campbell - Neuroscience letters, 2020 - Elsevier
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface between the peripheral blood supply
and the cerebral parenchyma, controlling the transport of material to and from the brain …

A paradigm for post-Covid-19 fatigue syndrome analogous to ME/CFS

A Mackay - Frontiers in Neurology, 2021 - frontiersin.org
A significant proportion of COVID-19 patients are suffering from prolonged Post-COVID-19
Fatigue Syndrome, with characteristics typically found in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic …

Role of SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein-induced activation of microglia and mast cells in the pathogenesis of neuro-COVID

TC Theoharides, D Kempuraj - Cells, 2023 - mdpi.com
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19). About 45% of COVID-19 patients experience several symptoms a …

Mast cell‐neural interactions contribute to pain and itch

K Gupta, IT Harvima - Immunological reviews, 2018 - Wiley Online Library
Mast cells are best recognized for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis, but increasing
evidence supports their role in neurogenic inflammation leading to pain and itch. Mast cells …

Physiology and pathophysiology of itch

F Cevikbas, EA Lerner - Physiological reviews, 2020 - journals.physiology.org
Itch is a topic to which everyone can relate. The physiological roles of itch are increasingly
understood and appreciated. The pathophysiological consequences of itch impact quality of …