The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long
been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that have the ability to
differentiate into multiple cell types. Several studies have shown that exosomes secreted by …

Current 3D printing of tissue is restricted by the use of biomaterials that do not recapitulate
the native properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These restrictions have thus far …

Current drug development techniques are expensive and inefficient, partially due to the use
of preclinical models that do not accurately recapitulate in vivo drug efficacy and cytotoxicity …

Tumor development and progression require chemical and mechanical cues derived from
cellular and non-cellular components in the tumor microenvironment, including the …

Tissues and organs provide the structural and biochemical landscapes upon which
microbial pathogens and commensals function to regulate health and disease. While flat two …

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been considered the promising candidates for the
regenerative and personalized medicine due to their self-renewal potential, multilineage …

High-throughput technologies have become essential in many fields of pharmaceutical and
biological development and production. Such technologies were initially developed with …

Cancer is a disease exhibiting uncontrollable cell growth and spreading to other parts of the
organism. It is a heavy, worldwide burden for mankind with high morbidity and mortality …

Malignant tumors are one of the leading causes of death which impose an increasingly
heavy burden on all countries. Therefore, the establishment of research models that closely …