The motivation to seek out and consume rewards has evolutionarily been driven by the urge
to fulfill physiological needs. However in a modern society dominated more by plenty than …

Most animal and human behaviors emanate from goal-directedness and pleasure seeking,
suggesting that they are primarily under conscious control. However,“wanting” and “liking” …

Individuals vary in the extent to which they attribute incentive salience to a discrete cue
(conditioned stimulus; CS) that predicts reward delivery (unconditioned stimulus; US), which …

Stimuli that are more predictive of subsequent reward also function as better conditioned
reinforcers. Moreover, stimuli attributed with incentive salience function as more robust …

Food uncertainty has the effect of invigorating food-related responses. Psychologists have
noted that mammals and birds respond more to a conditioned stimulus that unreliably …

There is considerable individual variation in the extent to which food-and drug-associated
cues (conditioned stimuli, CSs) acquire incentive salience, as indicated by whether they …

Gambling disorder is an impairing condition confounded by psychiatric co-morbidity,
particularly with substance use and anxiety disorders. Yet, our knowledge of the …

Amphetamine and stress can sensitize mesolimbic dopamine-related systems. In Pavlovian
autoshaping, repeated exposure to uncertainty of reward prediction can enhance motivated …

In the present study, we examined the effect of wins and losses on impulsive action in
gambling (Experiments 1–3) and nongambling tasks (Experiments 4–5). In each experiment …

Prior exposure to abused drugs leads to long-lasting neuroadaptations culminating in
excessive drug intake. Given the comorbidity between substance use and gambling …