Background Macro minerals, also known as macro elements, are minerals that are required
in large amounts in the human body. Macro minerals are part of the biological structure of …

In contrast to significant advances in the management of patients with chronic heart failure
over the past few years, there has been little change in how patients with acute heart failure …

Diuretics are the first-line therapy for widespread cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular
diseases. Traditional diuretics are commonly prescribed for treatment in patients with …

Aldosterone exerts profound effects on renal and cardiovascular physiology. In the kidney,
aldosterone acts to preserve electrolyte and acid-base balance in response to changes in …

Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone produced in the zona glomerulosa of the
adrenal cortex that influences water and salt regulation in the body. Aldosterone's primary …

C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) is a cytosolic tyrosine-protein kinase with an important role in
regulating critical cellular decisions, such as cellular apoptosis, survival, proliferation …

TRPM (transient receptor potential melastatin) 7, a member of the TRPM subfamily, is a
nonselective cation channel located on the cell membrane that regulates mammalian cell …

Epithelial Na+ channels (ENaCs) and related channels have large extracellular domains
where specific factors interact and induce conformational changes, leading to altered …

The majority of disorders that cause renal potassium wasting present with abnormalities in
adrenal hormone secretion. While these findings frequently lead patients to seek endocrine …

Background Primary aldosteronism (PA) refers to a spontaneous increase in adrenal
aldosterone secretion, and is considered the main cause of secondary hypertension. The …