Abstract Theory of optical turbulence in underwater medium and the effects of underwater
turbulence on various applications done in underwater or under ocean are reviewed. A …

This review paper discusses the complete evolution of free-space optical (FSO)
communication, also known as unguided optical communication (UOC) technologies, all the …

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are an emerging technology aimed to enhance
the energy and spectrum efficiency of wireless communication links by reconfiguring the …

In this study, the performance of underwater optical wireless communication links is
investigated by taking into account turbulence, absorption and scattering effects. Weak …

Visible light communication (VLC) has recently emerged as an enabling technology for high
capacity underwater wireless sensor networks. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has …

Mobile nodes can encounter many challenges in underwater environments during
communication due to turbidity, suspended particles, small bubbles, and turbulence. These …

Recent research in the wireless communications field has focused on the reconfigurable
intelligent surface (RIS), which can enhance energy and spectrum efficiency by …

In this paper, we have investigated the performance of underwater vertical wireless optical
communication (UVWOC) link employing on–off key modulation in the presence of …

The Navy is ubiquitous in every major geographic area of the world. It is estimated that 60%
of global goods are transported by sea. The Navy plays a vital role in offering protection of …

Considering the limited bandwidth of underwater wireless communications with radio
frequency and acoustic waves and the constant increasing need for underwater high-speed …