In addition to determining biological sex, sex hormones are known to influence health and
disease via regulation of immune cell activities and modulation of target-organ susceptibility …

Biological sex differences refer to differences between males and females caused by the sex
chromosome complement (that is, XY or XX), reproductive tissues (that is, the presence of …

There is still an unresolved paradox with respect to the immunomodulating role of estrogens.
On one side, we recognize inhibition of bone resorption and suppression of inflammation in …

New attention to sexual dimorphism in normal mammalian physiology and disease has
uncovered a previously unappreciated breadth of mechanisms by which females and males …

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may be a risk factor for hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in
patients with cirrhosis, possibly through translocation of gut bacteria, which can also lead to …

Abstract Rationale Atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs) such as olanzapine have a serious
side effect profile including weight gain and metabolic dysfunction, and a number of studies …

Obesity has been implicated in the rise of autoimmunity in women. We report that obesity
induces a serum protein signature that is associated with T helper 1 (Th1), interleukin (IL) …

Autoimmune T cell responses directed against insulin-producing β cells are central to the
pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Detection of such responses is therefore critical to …

Estrogen appears to play a central role in the immune response and immunemediated
diseases. Estrogen receptors are expressed in a variety of immunocompetent cells …

Asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease that affects~ 300 million people worldwide.
It is characterized by airway constriction that leads to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of …