Rapid population growth and industrial development have propelled water resources to the
forefront of challenges facing modern societies. While water covers about two thirds of the …

Combining two solutions of different composition releases the Gibbs free energy of mixing.
By using engineered processes to control the mixing, chemical energy stored in salinity …

Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and forward osmosis (FO) have been proposed to
integrate with seawater reverse osmosis (RO) in order to reduce the overall energy …

Over the past two decades, pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) has attracted attention owing
to its capability to harvest energy from salinity difference. However, more efforts for …

The giant and sustainable salinity gradient energy broadly occurs when mixing solution
sources with different concentrations can be potentially harvested through the intensively …

Modeling actual desalination plants is often restricted by unknown parameters and system
specifications that can be difficult to obtain or measure in the field. In this study, we propose …

Batch reverse osmosis (RO) is a promising approach to high-recovery desalination. It has
low energy consumption, but system size increases sharply with recovery because of the …

This paper investigates the energy management of a hybrid grid-connected reverse osmosis
(RO) desalination process consisting of photovoltaic (PV), pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) …

Simulation via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) offers a convenient way for visualising
hydrodynamics and mass transport in spacer-filled membrane channels, facilitating further …

Energy recovery device (ERD) is a crucial part in the seawater desalination system. The past
decade has seen a growth in attempts to carry out the structure and working principle of …