Humans have been fascinated by sleep for millennia. After almost a century of scientific
interrogation, significant progress has been made in understanding the neuronal regulation …

Introduction 3. Brainstem arousal systems 3.1. The reticular formation 3.2. The cholinergic
ponto-mesencephalic neurons 3.3. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons 3.4. The …

General anesthetics are essential to modern medicine, and yet a detailed understanding of
their mechanisms of action is lacking. General anesthetics were once believed to be 'drugs …

Background The mechanisms by which the inhalational general anesthetics isoflurane and
xenon exert their effects are unknown. Moreover, there have been surprisingly few …

Background. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study we compared the
effects of three different dose regimens of magnesium on intraoperative propofol and …

Oxygen-centered free radicals cause brain injury associated with trauma and stroke. These
reactive oxygen species may be detoxified by endogenous antioxidants, but cell death …

General anesthetics depress excitatory and/or enhance inhibitory synaptic transmission
principally by modulating the function of glutamatergic or GABAergic synapses, respectively …

Changes to the electroencephalogram (EEG) observed during general anesthesia are
modeled with a physiological mean field theory of electrocortical activity. To this end a …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proven to be capable of providing significant benefits for
several neuropathologies. It is highly effective in reducing the motor symptoms of …

Isoflurane is a widely used anesthetic which safely and reversibly induces deep coma and
associated burst suppression (BS) electroencephalographic patterns. Here we investigate …