The central nervous system (CNS) underlies memory, perception, decision-making, and
behavior in numerous organisms. However, neural networks have no monopoly on the …

Glutamate occupies a central position in amino acid metabolism in plants. The acidic amino
acid is formed by the action of glutamate synthase, utilizing glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate …

Mycorrhizal fungal networks linking the roots of trees in forests are increasingly recognized
to facilitate inter-tree communication via resource, defense, and kin recognition signaling …

Plant neurobiology is a newly focused field of plant biology research that aims to understand
how plants process the information they obtain from their environment to develop, prosper …

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major constraint for crop production in acidic soil worldwide.
When the soil pH is lower than 5, Al3+ is released to the soil and enters into root tip cell …

Melatonin (N‐acetyl‐5‐methoxytryptamine) is a tryptophan‐derived signal with important
physiological roles in mammals. Although the presence of melatonin in plants may be …

Cell-autonomous immunity is widespread in plant–fungus interactions and terminates fungal
pathogenesis either at the cell surface or after pathogen entry. Although post-invasive …

A defining feature of biology is the use of a multiscale architecture, ranging from molecular
networks to cells, tissues, organs, whole bodies, and swarms. Crucially however, biology is …

The perception of mechanical stimuli in the environment is crucial to the survival of all living
organisms. Recent advances have led to the proposal of a plant‐specific mechanosensory …

Root systems have recognizable developmental plans when grown in solution or agar;
however, these plans often must be modified to cope with the prevailing conditions in the …