Opioids are mainly used to treat both acute and chronic pain. Several opioids are
metabolized to some extent by CYP2D6 (codeine, tramadol, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and …

Cytochromes P450 (CYP) are a major source of variability in drug pharmacokinetics and
response. Of 57 putatively functional human CYPs only about a dozen enzymes, belonging …

In 2010, under the guidance of the DGAI (German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive
Care Medicine) and DIVI (German Interdisciplinary Association for Intensive Care and …

Codeine is bioactivated to morphine, a strong opioid agonist, by the hepatic cytochrome
P450 2D6 (CYP2D6); hence, the efficacy and safety of codeine are governed by CYP2D6 …

Part I of this article discussed the potential functional importance of genetic mutations and
alleles of the human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) gene. The impact of CYP2D6 …

Interindividual variability in drug response is a major clinical problem. Polymedication and
genetic polymorphisms modulating drug-metabolising enzyme activities (cytochromes P450 …

Pharmacogenetics is the study of how interindividual variations in the DNA sequence of
specific genes affect drug response. This article highlights current pharmacogenetic …

Codeine is bioactivated to morphine, a strong opioid agonist, by the hepatic cytochrome
P450 2D6 (CYP2D6); hence, the efficacy and safety of codeine as an analgesic are …

Skin-to-skin care (SSC) and rooming-in have become common practice in the newborn
period for healthy newborns with the implementation of maternity care practices that support …

Opioid analgesics are the standards of care for the treatment of moderate to severe
nociceptive pain, particularly in the setting of cancer and surgery. Their analgesic properties …