Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome in
which sex-specific features due to anatomical, physiological, and hormonal characteristics …

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging offers a comprehensive, non-invasive,
and radiation-free imaging modality, which provides a highly accurate and reproducible …

Investigators often ask whether their research fits bet-ter into studies of sex or studies of
gender. In 2001, members of the Institute of Medicine addressed the differences between …

Aims Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction disproportionately affects women.
There are no validated sex-specific tools for HF diagnosis despite widely reported …

Heart failure affects over 2.6 million people in the United States. While women have better
overall survival rates, they also suffer from higher morbidity as shown by higher rates of …

Abstract Purpose of Review The literature on the importance of sex in heart failure diagnosis
is scarce. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on sex differences regarding …

Uncoupling the underlying complex and often interrelated pathophysiological mechanisms
in the development of heart failure can be challenging. While we understand the higher risk …